北京时间10月4日下午5点49分许,瑞典皇家科学院决定将2022年的诺贝尔物理学奖授予法国科学家Alain Aspect、美国科学家John F.Clauser和奥地利科学家Anton Zeilinger ,以表彰他们“用纠缠光子进行的实验,建立了贝尔不等式的违反,并开创了量子信息科学”。
2022年的诺贝尔奖单项奖金为1000万瑞典克朗(约合人民币642.8万元)。
纠缠态——从理论到技术
Alain Aspect、John Clauser和Anton Zeilinger都用纠缠量子态进行了开创性的实验。在纠缠量子态中,即使两个粒子分离,它们也表现得像一个单独的单元。他们的研究结果为基于量子信息的新技术扫清了道路。
量子力学的不可言说的效应开始得到应用。现在有一个很大的研究领域,包括量子计算机、量子网络和安全的量子加密通信。
这一进展的一个关键因素是,量子力学如何允许两个或多个粒子以所谓的纠缠态存在。纠缠对中的一个粒子发生的情况决定了另一个粒子发生的情况,即使它们相距很远。
在很长一段时间里,问题在于这种相关性是否是因为纠缠对中的粒子包含隐藏变量,即告诉它们在实验中应该给出哪个结果的指令。20世纪60年代,John Stewart Bell提出了以他的名字命名的数学不等式。这表明,如果存在隐藏变量,那么大量测量结果之间的相关性将永远不会超过某个值。然而,量子力学预测,某种类型的实验将违反贝尔不等式,从而产生比其他情况下更强的相关性。
John Clauser发展了John Bell的想法,导致了一个实际的实验。当他进行测量时,它们显然违反了贝尔不等式,从而支持了量子力学。这意味着量子力学不能被使用隐变量的理论所取代。
在John Clauser的实验之后,仍然存在一些漏洞。Alain Aspect开发了这个设置,用它堵住了一个重要的漏洞。他能够在一个纠缠对离开它的源后切换测量设置,所以当它们被发射时存在的设置不会影响结果。
通过精密的工具和一系列的实验,Anton Zeilinger开始使用纠缠量子态。此外,他的研究小组还展示了一种被称为量子隐形传态的现象,这种现象使得量子态在一定距离内从一个粒子移动到另一个粒子成为可能。
“越来越明显的是,一种新的量子技术正在出现。我们可以看到,获奖者对纠缠态的研究非常重要,甚至超越了解释量子力学的基本问题,”诺贝尔物理学委员会主席Anders Irbäck说。
Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger have each conducted groundbreaking experiments using entangled quantum states, where two particles behave like a single unit even when they are separated. Their results have cleared the way for new technology based upon quantum information.
The ineffable effects of quantum mechanics are starting to find applications. There is now a large field of research that includes quantum computers, quantum networks and secure quantum encrypted communication.
One key factor in this development is how quantum mechanics allows two or more particles to exist in what is called an entangled state. What happens to one of the particles in an entangled pair determines what happens to the other particle, even if they are far apart.
For a long time, the question was whether the correlation was because the particles in an entangled pair contained hidden variables, instructions that tell them which result they should give in an experiment. In the 1960s, John Stewart Bell developed the mathematical inequality that is named after him. This states that if there are hidden variables, the correlation between the results of a large number of measurements will never exceed a certain value. However, quantum mechanics predicts that a certain type of experiment will violate Bell’s inequality, thus resulting in a stronger correlation than would otherwise be possible.
John Clauserdeveloped John Bell’s ideas, leading to a practical experiment. When he took the measurements, they supported quantum mechanics by clearly violating a Bell inequality. This means that quantum mechanics cannot be replaced by a theory that uses hidden variables.
Some loopholes remained after John Clauser’s experiment.Alain Aspectdeveloped the setup, using it in a way that closed an important loophole. He was able to switch the measurement settings after an entangled pair had left its source, so the setting that existed when they were emitted could not affect the result.
Using refined tools and long series of experiments,Anton Zeilingerstarted to use entangled quantum states. Among other things, his research group has demonstrated a phenomenon called quantum teleportation, which makes it possible to move a quantum state from one particle to one at a distance.
“It has become increasingly clear that a new kind of quantum technology is emerging. We can see that the laureates’ work with entangled states is of great importance, even beyond the fundamental questions about the interpretation of quantum mechanics,” says Anders Irbäck, Chair of the Nobel Committee for Physics.
The illustrations are free to use for non-commercial purposes. Attribute ”© Johan Jarnestad/The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”.
Popular science background:
Scientific Background:photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science” (pdf)
诺奖得主简介
Alain Aspect,1947年出生于法国阿根。1983年从法国奥赛巴黎-南德大学获得博士学位。目前为法国巴黎萨克莱大学和帕莱索理工学院教授。
John F. Clauser,1942年出生于美国加州帕萨迪纳。1969年获得美国纽约哥伦比亚大学博士学位。
Anton Zeilinger,1945年出生于奥地利里德伊姆·因克瑞斯。1971年获得奥地利维也纳大学博士学位。目前为维也纳大学教授。
过去6年诺贝尔物理学奖得主名单
2020年,Roger Penrose,获奖理由是发现黑洞的形成是对广义相对论的有力预测;Reinhard Genzel及Andrea Ghez获奖理由是在银河系中心发现了一个超大质量的致密天体。
2019年,美国科学家James Peebles获奖,获奖理由是“在物理宇宙学的理论发现”;另外两位获奖者是瑞士科学家Michel Mayor和Didier Queloz,获奖理由是“发现了一颗围绕类太阳恒星运行的系外行星”。
2018年,美法加三位科学家Arthur Ashkin、Gerard Mourou和Donna Strickland获奖,获奖理由是“在激光物理学领域所作出的开创性发明”。
2017年,三位美国科学家Rainer Weiss、Barry C. Barish和Kip S. Thorne获奖,获奖理由是“对LIGO探测器和引力波观测的决定性贡献”。
2016年,英美三位科学家David J. Thouless、F. Duncan M. Haldane、J. Michael Kosterlitz获奖,获奖理由是“理论发现拓扑相变和拓扑相物质”。
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